Part I- depicts how PAK-FA would counter F22 in future aerial warfare.?
Part II- explains what PAK-FA need to have or improve in order to counter F22 even further.?
PART-I
How would PAK-FA would counter F22 in future aerial warfare?
I)OLS-50 IRST (QWIP)
Russian OLS -50 IRST is a farcry from previous shorter wavelength Irst as it can detect IR signatures of F22 or any plane far away from previous shorter wavelength IRST
the drawbacks of previous gen IRST were
1)incapable of detection of IR signatures greater than 100km
2)not reliable in adverse climate conditions
but things would change in newer longer wavelength QWIP IRST which have somehow reduce these 2 handicaps
one must understand no matter how powerful advanced Radar you may have there are 2 handicaps when you use it agaisnt F22
1) no radar till date now has detected F22 from greater than 70-80 km meanwhile pak fa IRST OLS 50 can detect a F22 from greater than 80 km
So in case of stealth targets QWIP IRST is more effective than using radar alone
2)To use radar agaisnt F22 is a suicide in case for adversary pilots as F22 ALR -94 system can detect it's adversary
radar whether it's AESA or PESA radar even from greater distance than it's adversary radar could detect F22 .
Not only that it can cue it's radar guided missiles without turning on it's own AESA radar for stealth reasons
So Pak fa OLS -50 IRST can give passive detection advantage without having the risk of being intercepted meanwhile F22 lacks
IRST
Air Combat: Russia?s PAK-FA versus the F-22 and F-35
II)More weapon carriage capabilty
PAKFA has 4 internal weapon bay in the center fuselarge & 2 side internal weapon bay capabilty
Pak fa can carry atbest 8 air to air radar guided missile R 77 derivatives with foldable fins in the 4 weapon bays in center
fuselarge {2 in each weapon bay} & would carry 2 short range IR guided missile in it's side weapon bay (1 in each bay)
meanwhile F22 can carry at best 6 air to air radar guided missile in it's central fuselarge weapon bay & 2 short range IR guided missile
SO in total PAK FA has 10 air to air weapons meanwhile F 22 has 8 air to air weapon
why it is going to be crucial??
ans- in BVR warfare kill probability for radar guided missile against 5th gen fighter with stealth & superior ECCM capabi;lty would be far less compare that Kill probabilty against a 4th gen fighter .So you must have more no of missiles in your kitty to survive BVR warfare .
You can add extra missiles externally but it would compromise stealth & would give edge to your adversary.
III)Innovative X band + L band Aesa radar combination
No doubt F22's aesa radar is technologically more advanced than russian Aesa radar but Russians have did one innovative thing to counter F22 in radar department
that is having L band AESA radar in it's Levcons/LERX which is known to be highly effective agaisnt stealth targets in comparision to X band aesa radar .
Not only that PAK-FA has small X-band radar on its tail which provides true 360 degree coverage if we add every radar in PAK-FA
Assessing the Tikhomirov NIIP L-Band Active Electronically Steered Array
So PAK FA would have extra L band wavelength aesa radar along with X band aesa radar with 360 degree coverage in comparision to F22 having only X band aesa radar.
IV)More manuveurabilty than F22
The Russians can compromise on stealth but they would never compromise on manuveurability .Pak fa's aerodynamic design thanks to Levcons/LERX with 3 AXIS TVC engines gives PAKFA an edge in manuveuarabilty against F22 which has 2 AXIS TVC .
Why is it going to be crucial in future warfare ?
ans-{IF u omit AWACS from the scenario}
BVR warfare's would be less effective against 5th gen fighters vs 5th gen fighter in comparision to 5th Gen vs 4th or 4.5 gen
fighter so they would resort to Within visual range warfare at the end .Here manuveurabilty of a plane would count to survive in a WVBR dogfight scenario. Pak fa is going to be a better dog fighter than F22 .
Not only that F22 recent upgrades have omitted the induction of HMD ,hence the Raptor will be unable to use the off-boresite and lock-on after launch features of its missiles
Source
F-22 helmet-display demonstration casualty of sequestration
Without the helmet, Raptor pilots must point their missile’s seeker at the hostile aircraft to verify the missile is locked on the right target. The helmet would enable the pilot to slave the seeker to their line of sight, hence locking on by simply looking at the target, without having to turn the aircraft.
Source
First Raptor Supersonic AIM-9X Launch - Defense Update - Military Technology & Defense News
But i dont think HMD going to be a serious problem for F 22 as AIM 9X block 2 has LOAL capabilty & High OFF bore sight launch
capabilty but yes it would have done the pilot job little easiear.
PART II
what PAK-FA need to have or improve in order to counter F22 even further.?
I) Stealth
Surely F 22 is the king of stealth jets right now no doubt about it & 1st point the PAK fa critics would howl upon is that it is not stealthy as F22 & PAK fa would be detected at much greater range by F22 than Pak fa would have detected F22 by himself.
Yes that's true in terms of stealth it is going to be very difficult for Pakfa to compete with F22 & one has to admit Pak-fa would be less stealthy than F22 no matter how much the Russians boast of .
Right now PAKFA 's frontal radar cross section is indeed stealthy that is admitted by many experts which is the most important aspect for any stealth plane.
But one must understand that Russians have just introduced Pakfa protypes only we have to wait for final version
BTW there was a source which claims Pak -Fa to have RCS of 0.5 m2 ,but that is referring only for protypes not for production models .Now a person with simple common sense should understand why would a country invest billion of dollars on
a stealth plane which has RCS 0.5 m2 meanwhile a decent 4th or 4.5 gen fighters like Typhoon , Rafale boast to have less than RCS of 1m2.
Meanwhile Russians have achieved great strides in stealth technology
1) Highly improved Ram coating which the russians have known to Use in MIG 29 k which have reduced the RCS of that plane 30 times
Recent disclosures include a coating which reduced the radar signature of the engine inlet tunnels in the Su-35BM Flanker by a factor of 30 in the centimetre radar band.
SOURCE
When America?s Stealth Monopoly Ends, What's Next?
2)Composite fan blades for engines
3)even plasma stealth ( though controversial)
4)improvement in composite concentration in planes
II) RWR system comparable to F 22' ALR 94 system
We until now dont know anything about PAK FA RWR system yet . Though some analsyst say it is going to be upgraded version of
RWR system installed in SU 35M.But Inorder to counter F22 they must have a RWR system like F 22 ALR 94 system to passively locate air borne radar emitters & not only that but also it should cue it's air to air radar guided missiles with it without turning on it's own aesa radar for stealth reason.
III)Missile weaponry comparable to AIM 120D & AIM9X
the russian havent disclosed exactly what is the future weapons of PAK-fa.but from various russian airshows we have come across that there are 3 weapons system available right now
1) RVV-BD -
RVV-BD long-range guided missile is presented at MAKS-2011 for the first time. In comparison with its predecessor R-33E long-range guided missile the new one has improved technical performance. High aerodynamic quality of RVV-BD missile and use of dual-mode solid – fuelled motor taking into consideration its all-up weight up to 510 caliber, permit launch – range up to 200 km (R – 33E has launch range only 120 km) and ability to destroy targets with overload up to 8 g (R – 33E able to destroy only with 4 g overload) at the altitude from 15 m to 25 km.
Russia Develops New Airborne Weapons | rostechnologiesblog
2) RVV-SD
medium-range radio-guided RVV-SD is believed to be an improved version of the RVV-AE (AA-12 Adder).The RVV-SD air-to-air missile features an increased maximum range of up to 110 kilometers and can engage fixed- and rotary-wing aircraft as well as cruise missiles and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). The weapon is also suitable for intense clutter and jamming scenarios with multiple air-to-air engagements simultaneously. The RVV-SD guidance system combines the inertial navigation system (INS) and active radar seeker with data-link target correction. It is fitted with a fixed thrust solid fuel rocket motor and laser proximity fuze. The rod type warhead consists of multiple hollow charges.
RVV-SD
Tactical Missiles Corporation JSC
3)RVV-MD
The short-range air-to-air RVV-MD is a further development of the R-73 heat-seeking design.The RVV-MD is an intense jamming resistant short range air-to-air missile designed to engage fixed-wing aircraft and helicopters in close-in dogfight scenarios. This high maneuverable missile is intended for fighter aircraft and attack helicopters. RVV-MD is provided with a two-color passive IR seeker, thrust vectoring control, a fixed-thrust solid fuel motor, and radar proximity fuze or a laser proximity fuze ( RVV-MDL version). The 8 kg warhead is of rod type. The RRV-MD is a follow-up development based upon the R-73 missile and will be supplied to the latest generation of Russian fighter aircraft such as PAK FA stealth fighter.It's effective range is about 40km .
RVV-MD
Tactical Missiles Corporation JSC
Russia to Field Air-Launched Missiles for T-50 by 2014 | Defense | RIA Novosti
meanwhile if you take a close look at the american counterparts
1) AIM 120 D
The AIM-120D is an upgraded version of the AMRAAM with improvements in almost all areas, including 50% greater range (than the already-extended range AIM-120C-7) and better guidance over its entire flight envelope yielding an improved kill probability (Pk).The AIM-120D (P3I Phase 4, formerly known as AIM-120C- is a development of the AIM-120C with a two-way data link, more accurate navigation using a GPS-enhanced IMU, an expanded no-escape envelope, improved HOBS (High-Angle Off-Boresight) capability, and a 50% increase in range.
max effective range is suppose to be 170-180km
Source
Google Translate
2)AIM 9X block 1 & block2
The AIM-9X Sidewinder is a substantial upgrade to the Sidewinder family featuring an imaging infrared focal plane array (FPA) seeker with claimed 90° off-boresight capability, compatibility with helmet-mounted displays such as the new U.S. Joint Helmet Mounted Cueing System, and a totally new three-dimensional thrust-vectoring control (TVC) system providing increased turn capability over traditional control surfaces. AIM-9X demonstrated potential for a Lock-on After Launch capability,
It's maximum effective range is suppose to be around 30-35km
The Block II adds Lock-on After Launch capability with a datalink, so the missile can be launched first and then directed to its target afterwards by an aircraft with the proper equipment for 360 degree engagements, such as the F-35 and F-22.
AIM-9X Block II performing better than expected
So one can see the russians have indeed some good missiles in their kitty .But in radar guided missile department AIM 120D excels to RVV SD in range & also having two way datalink & also somewhat in seeker quality with longer no escape zone.
THe russians must develop a radar guided missile with comparable range & able to engage High G target under intense Electronic warfare environment that of AIM 120D
meanwhile the russians have yet to field a FPA seeker IR guided missile comparable to AIM-9x though RVVMD has range advantage & is beleived to have QWIP IR imaging seeker .
IV)Avionics & Sensor fusion & self defence systemIt is well known that Russian industry is working on a Focal Plane Array (FPA) seeker for their future WVR missiles, to compete against the ASRAAM, AIM-9X, Iris-T and Python 5 seekers, adding further infrared counter-countermeasures capabilities. The open question is whether the future Russian FPA seeker will match the midwave Indium Antimonide detector array technology in the Raytheon 256x256 device in the ASRAAM/AIM-9X, or whether the Russians will leapfrog a generation and opt for much more capable QWIP (Quantum Well Imaging Photodetector) technology pioneered by Germany's industry during the late 1990s.
SOURCE
The Russian Philosophy of Beyond Visual Range Air Combat
the Russians have used Su 35 as test bed for deployment of their 5th gen system . The russians have integrated Common integrated processor in SU 35 like F22 , F35 & rafale.So must probably they would integrate it in PAK-FA also but it should
be as fast & powerful like that Of F22's CIP .It is the key component of sensor fusion.
Many things about Russian avionics to be used in PAF-FA are still in development & would take it's course along side with the
subsequent unveiling of more no of PAK -FA protypes.
like for example they have installed N036 X band aesa radar in PAK-FA's 3rd & 4th protype & 101-KS Ultraviolet missile approach warning system(MAWS) in 4th protype
The Tikhomirov NIIP X-band AESA design for the PAK-FA is better understood than the core avionic suite, due to extensive disclosure by Tikhomirov NIIP at MAKS 2009.Public statements made in Russia through 2009 claim 1,500 TR module elements. Counting exposed radiating elements on video stills of the antenna indicates an estimated 1,524 TR channels, with a tolerance of several percent.NIIP have publicly cited detection range performance of 350 to 400 km (190 to 215 NMI), which assuming a Russian industry standard 2.5m2 target, is also consistent with the 2008 model for an AESA radar using ~10W rated TR modules,
Source
Assessing the Sukhoi PAK-FA / Sukhoi/KnAAPO T-50/I-21/Article 701 PAK-FA ????????????? ??????????? ???????? ????????? ???????
Check the comments section about the exact T/R module value
Tekhomirov NIIP AESA radar unveiled for PAK-FA | The DEW Line
SOURCEThis will "no longer be just radar, but the integrated radio-electronic system, which includes radars in several wave bands, an identification system, electronic warfare (EW) and electronic intelligence (ELINT)", stated NIIP's director Yuri Belyy in a media report on the system
http://www.iasa-intl.com/folders/belfast/Ruskie_Jet-New-.pdf
APG-77 radar,
The AN/APG-77 radar, designed for air superiority and strike operations, features a low-observable, active-aperture, electronically-scanned array that can track multiple targets in any weather. The AN/APG-77 changes frequencies more than 1,000 times per second to lower interception probability. Additionally, radar emissions can be focused in an electronic-attack capability to overload enemy sensors. It is Composed of 1500 transmit/receive modules,APG-77 has a 'typical' operating range of 193 km (120 mi) and is specified to achieve an 86% probability of intercept against a 1 m2 target at its maximum detection range using a single radar paint.It can also be used as an mini awacs platform
But the challenge for Russians would be to field a true Low probabilty of Interception AESA Radar to defeat F22 ALR 94 system & it's jamming system
101-KS Ultraviolet missile approach warning system(MAWS) -
The russians have integrated 101-KS U MAWS On the fuselage sides of the t-50-4, just aft of the cockpit, two sensors are mounted to serve the 101Ks-U ultra-violet missile approach warning system (MaWs).
together with two further 101Ks-U sensors fitted previously (on the third example) under the nose and atop the tail boom, the system provides observation of airspace all around the aircraft.
surprisingly, the ball for the 101Ks-O (oborona, defence) active electro-optical jamming system, which on the previous aircraft was mounted on the fuselage spine just aft of the cockpit, disappeared from the t-50-4 airframe. in its place appeared on the t-50-4 a small blade antenna and two small box-shaped antennae at its sides; these are presumed to be communications aerials.
Source
Very little info we have right now about specifications
AN/AAR 56 Infra-Red and Ultra-Violet MAWS (Missile Approach Warning System)
Lockheed Martin’s AN/AAR-56 Missile Launch Detector (MLD) is a mature,
affordable, defensive system capable of providing long-range detection and
declaration of both airborne and surface-launched threats.
An MLD shipset for each aircraft is comprised of six sensors, three common
interface processing cards, and six low observable window frame assemblies
For more refer
http://www.lockheedmartin.com/content/dam/lockheed/data/mfc/pc/missile-launch-detector-mld/mfc-mld-pc.pdf
So the russians have integrated the similiar kind of MAWS as on F22 but whether it would be as capable as AAR 56 only time would tell in real combat action.
V) High thrust Supercruise engine comparable to F 22's Pratt & Whitney F119 engines -
The Russians have stated from the very beginning with the start of their PAK-FA program , that it is going to have a supercruise engine .According to Sukhoi director Mikhail Pogosyan, the 117 (AL-41F1) is a new fifth generation engine built specifically for the PAK-FA. Though the specifics of the new engine remain classified, information provided has included: increased engine thrust by 2.5 tonnes over the AL-31 engine, a reduction in engine weight by 150 kilograms (330 lb). These changes allow the aircraft to supercruise, sustaining supersonic flight speeds without using afterburners.
It is expected that each engine will be able to independently vector its thrust upwards, downward or side to side. Vectoring one engine up with the other one down can produce a twisting force, which would enable the PAK FA to be the first fifth generation fighter with full 3-D thrust vectoring along all three aircraft axes: pitch, yaw and roll.
According to preliminary facts, the engine will have increased thrust and fuel efficiency as compared to AL-41F1. Allegedly, the powerplant will have a thrust of about 107 kN in cruise mode and 176 kN in full afterburner mode.
Source
The testing of a new engine intended for PAK FA will be started in 2014 - News - Russian Aviation - RUAVIATION.COM
The first ?-50 prototypes are powered by the 1st stage engine – Product 117. "At present detail design and full-scale design of the engine have been completed (this refers to the 2nd stage engine), special and endurance tests are in progress. The development should be completed in the second quarter of 2015", — the source said.
"The Product 117 will be the first Russian-produced engine to have a FADEC", — the source said.
Source
The development of ?final? engine for T-50 will be completed in 2015 - News - Russian Aviation - RUAVIATION.COM
The exact details about the engine Project 117 is still classified & would slowly be revealed with the subsequent unveiling of the protypes
Meanwhile the American counterparts F22 Pratt & Whitney F119 engines have a very high thrust (156 kN) per engine.Maximum
supercruise speed of about around {MACH 1.7- 1.8} With afterburners, it is "greater than Mach 2.0" (greater than 1,317 mph, 2,120 km/h).it has 2D TVC, with a range of ±20 degrees.
So the russians need to have a lighter & more high thrust engine which can increase the PAK-FA supercruise speed greater than F22 .The Russian PAK-FA alraedy known to have higher Ceiling than F22 so if they can increase the supercruise speed
a bit then it would increase the kinematic range of Russian BVRAAM even further .
But the problem lies whether the Russians would stick with 3 axis TVC or 2D TVC stealthy nozzles like that of F22 ,which have
added stealth advantage.My bet is on the previous one
CONCLUSION
Well this is the most hard part of any analysis .To be fair enough The F22 is the benchmark for any 5th gen fighter to compete .The Russians have built PAK-FA Specifically to counter F22 in future combat . The Russians wont be fighting with
Americans one on one in reality for the fear of nuclear conflict but they would sell those planes to 3rd world countries who may not have friendly ties with USA.There it would have chance to go one on one with F22 .Still Pak-fa has a long way to go
but it would be the main rival of F22 in the future combat irrespective of any other 5th gen fighter plane available in the market at that time.