CVNs can be sunk by torpedoes/mines exploding under them- the bombs & missiles stored deep below decks will blow up in seconds, not to mention all the aviation fuel & diesel fuel for emergency generators!
Coastal ASM batteries r mobile too- while the CVNs must be in certain "box" off the coast to attack land targets. And, they do go near land- the Med. Sea, S/E China & Yellow Seas & the Arabian/ Persian Gulf r not that wide:
The sea’s average north-south length, from Croatia’s southern shore to Libya, is approximately 800 kilometers (500 miles). http://justfunfacts.com/interesting-facts-about-the-mediterranean-sea/
from Antalya to Port-Said is 399.65 mi (643.17 km)
https://www.distance.to/Antalya/Port-Said
from Tubruq to Crete is 360.44 km
https://www.distancefromto.net/between/Tubruq/Crete
from Sicily to Tripoli is 528 km
https://www.distancefromto.net/distance-from-sicily-to-tripoli
from Tunis to Cagliari is 284.08 km
http://disween.com/tunis-36-tn/cagliari-14-it
from Mallorca to Algiers is 223.89 mi (360.31 km)
https://www.distance.to/Mallorca/Algiers,Alger,DZA/36.54494944148322,3.3398437500000004
from Manila to Hong Kong is 694 miles
https://www.distancecalculator.net/from-manila-to-hong-kong
from Manila to Hainan is 1314 km or 816 miles.
http://howmanyhours.com/flight_time/Manila/Hainan.php
from Manila to Qui Nhơn 1,271 km (790 miles)
https://www.distancecalculator.net/from-qui-nhon-to-manila
from Shanghai to Kagoshima is 866 km
https://www.distancefromto.net/distance-from-kagoshima-to-shanghai-cn
from NANTONG to JEJU is 554 km
https://www.aroundtheworld360.com/distance/nantong_cn/jeju_kr/
Port of Ras Al Khafji to Bandar Abbas: 474 nm
http://ports.com/sea-route/port-of-sitra,bahrain/bandar-abbas,iran/#/?a=0&b=0&c=khafji&d=bandar,%20Iran
Ruwais to Kish Island: 208 nm
http://ports.com/sea-route/port-of-sitra,bahrain/bandar-abbas,iran/#/?a=0&b=0&c=ruwais&d=kish
All those max. distances can be covered by Russian & Chinese ASMs; CVNs will have to go between them, thus reducing their stand-off ranges from shores. Also, CB/SGs can be detected from space & UAVs/shore EW assets can mess up their GPS navigation support w/o which the AWs can't fly off & return safely-i.e. bomb anything!
The MiG-25BMs, which can outrun AAMs, escorted by MiG-31s could hit ships' & planes' radars with Kh-58s & Kh-31s from 110-120km away: https://www.militaryfactory.com/aircraft/detail.asp?aircraft_id=64 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kh-58#Variants
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kh-31#Variants
Finally, pilots can use simulators to familiarize themselves with other bases/theaters even before they go there:
http://www.dinamika-avia.com/product/classifier/detail.php?id=1424
http://www.dinamika-avia.com/product/classifier/detail.php?id=1214
“These days, not a single batch of MiG-29 fighters is delivered without supplying the customer with special training sessions and simulators,” Ivanov says. “Our knowhow is the use of 3D technologies in flight visualization.”Flight simulation is not a new area for Russian aircraft manufacturers. However, it is only now, thanks to modern software, various hydraulic systems, and 3D visualization of the environment, that simulators have been capable to truly imitate a real flight and its conditions. https://www.rbth.com/economics/2014/09/08/using_a_flight_simulator_with_the_russian_air_force_38133