13 February 2021
Russia has announced plans to establish a lunar station with China. Now the parties are working on the technical implementation of the project. The United States has a similar project. Moreover, Washington has advanced quite far in its implementation: the appearance of an American base on the moon is a matter of the near future. How will the development of a natural satellite of the Earth go and why do superpowers need the Moon at all?
Roscosmos has been instructed to sign a memorandum of understanding with China on cooperation in the creation of an International Scientific Lunar Station. The corresponding proposal was agreed by the government with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Ministry of Justice and other interested executive authorities. Now in Russia the technical documentation of such a lunar base is being worked out . The parties determine possible scientific tasks for the study of the Moon, and also work out the technical implementation of the project.
The director of Roscosmos Dmitry Rogozin previously spoke about Russia's desire to explore the moon together with China. The corresponding agreement was reached with the head of the Chinese National Space Administration Zhang Kejian. In 2017, Roscosmos and the Chinese National Space Administration signed a cooperation program in space for 2018-2022. One of its sections concerns the study of the Moon and deep space.
The USA is also striving to master the Moon. Washington states that space is turning into a potential arena for military operations between America and its opponents. Since joining the presidency of the United States, Joe Biden, the Pentagon expressed their readiness to provide protection for future NASA lunar bases and operations of private companies for the extraction of useful resources. Moreover, observers associate the expansion of the Pentagon's interaction with NASA with the need to counteract "the challenges that Russia and China are throwing to the United States." In response, Rogozin declared the inadmissibility of the militarization of the moon.
The scientific director of the Institute of Space Policy, Ivan Moiseev, stresses that the statements on cooperation between Russia and China in the field of creating an International Scientific Lunar Station remain at the level of declarations. The beginning of the project can be considered its official adoption and the beginning of funding. Moreover, now the Chinese have focused their efforts on creating a near-earth space station, so it will be expensive even for the PRC to conduct two projects in parallel. “But the Chinese say they are increasing the power of their heavy rockets and exploring the moon with spacecraft. This is logical, because the ultimate goal of all these efforts should be the construction of a station on the lunar surface, ”explained Moiseev.
However, in the United States, plans for the construction of a lunar base exist "at the level of practical implementation", for these purposes 40-50 billion dollars have already been spent. “The Americans have almost created the necessary rocket and ship for flights to the moon. It remains to build a take-off and landing complex. NASA ordered the project of such a complex to three firms in order to ultimately choose the best option, ”Moiseev recalled.
However, the expert considers the plans to land on the moon in 2024 voiced even under Biden's predecessor, Donald Trump, to be unrealistic, the 28th year seems to be a more reasonable date. Such a landing should be the beginning of the construction of the base. “The fact that the US is spending money on real lunar projects is linked in the general concept of two stations: the orbital Gateway and Artemis Base Camp, which should appear on the southern polis of the lunar surface,” Moiseev pointed out.
Artemis Base Camp will consist of a manned lunar rover to transport astronauts over short distances, an accommodation unit for travel up to 45 days, and a main habitat unit for four people. The lunar rover will not have a closed cockpit, so astronauts will have to wear protective space suits. The base will be equipped with infrastructure for autonomous power supply, communication with the Earth, radiation shielding, a landing pad, and a container for waste disposal.
The Americans' project will require huge costs, but this issue has been resolved. Vladislav Shevchenko, head of the Department of Moon and Planetary Research at the State Astronomical Institute of Moscow State University, recalled that last year NASA signed the Artemis Agreements on space exploration with Australia, Great Britain, Italy, Canada, Luxembourg, the United Arab Emirates and Japan. This agreement was based on the principles of the 1967 Outer Space Treaty. Among the listed principles, NASA named, in particular, the provisions on the extraction of resources on the Moon and the idea of creating so-called security zones, which should prevent "harmful interference".
This lunar program has three phases. Artemis 1 envisions the unmanned flight of the Orion rocket-mounted Space Launch System (SLS) around the Moon and its return to Earth. Artemis 2 - flyby of a natural satellite of the Earth with a crew on board. The first stage of the program is scheduled for 2021, the second for 2023. The third stage - Artemis 3 - involves the landing of astronauts on the moon in 2024, followed by their sending to Mars in the mid-2030s.
NASA head James Bridenstine expressed hope that Moscow will join the Artemis Agreements. Roscosmos head Dmitry Rogozin also recently announced that the spirit of international cooperation that characterizes the International Space Station (ISS) should be preserved in Artemis by providing flight capabilities for Russian spacecraft. “The main goal of the Artemis Agreements is to explore useful lunar resources, to extract them,” Shevchenko stressed.
At the same time, the expert called it natural to combine the efforts of Russia and China in the implementation of the lunar program. Moreover, the Chinese can boast of several successful projects at once. At the end of last year, the Chang'e-5 capsule, launched four years ago, returned to earth, on board of which the lunar soil was delivered. An unprecedented landing a year and a half ago of the Chinese apparatus "Yuytu-2" on the far side of the moon. “China previously announced the implementation of its own lunar program, the main focus of which was the exploration and development of lunar resources. To solve this problem, manned expeditions are needed, that is, the participation of specialists directly on the lunar surface. So for Russia, unification with Chinese colleagues is a pretty good option, "Shevchenko said.
Moiseev denied speculation that the lunar race is spurred on by plans to gain a military advantage in space. According to him,
The moon is "absolutely useless for the military" due to its remoteness from Earth.
“A missile launched from an American submarine will reach Russia in 15 minutes. The rocket will fly from the moon for three days, during which time the war will already end. Suggestions to use the Moon to observe the Earth are also stupid. Any satellite in the correct orbit will transmit much better intelligence. Therefore, all the talk about militarization is a diplomatic-political game, ”the source explained.
Moiseev believes that the intentions of Roscosmos to cooperate with China is largely due to the fact that the Americans are curtailing such cooperation with Russia. “The Chinese declare their readiness to cooperate with all countries, but at the same time demand to provide them with technology. If we talk about joint Russian-Chinese projects, the Chinese could put their instruments on our automatic station, but, unfortunately, we have been building our station for 14 years and have not yet launched it, ”the expert recalls.
Text: Andrey Rezchikov
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